Madonna-a Legend - 1140 Words

Singer, performer, actress. Born Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958, to parents Silvio Tony Ciccone and Madonna Fortin. Tony, the son of Italian immigrants, was the first of his family to go to college, where he earned a degree in engineering. Madonnas mother, an x-ray technician and former dancer, was of French Canadian descent. After their marriage in 1955, the couple moved to Pontiac, Michigan, to be close to Tonys job as a defense engineer. Madonna was born three years later, during a visit with family in Bay City. The third of six children, Madonna learned early on how to handle her role as the middle child, admitting that she was the sissy of the family who often used her feminine wiles to†¦show more content†¦Madonna says Gustafson often made her take care of the younger children in the household, a task she greatly resented. I really saw myself as the quintessential Cinderella, Madonna later said. I think thats when I really tho ught about how I wanted to do something else and get away from all that. She rebelled against her traditional upbringing by turning her conservative clothing into revealing outfits, frequenting underground gay nightclubs, and rejecting her religious background. But Madonna balanced this insubordinate side of her personality with a drive for perfectionism and high-achievement. She was a straight-A student, cheerleader, and disciplined dancer who graduated from high school a semester earlier than her peers. In 1976, her hard work earned her the attentions of the University of Michigan, which offered her a full scholarship to their dance program. Despite the public outcry, Madonna had become more popular than ever. By 1991, she had achieved 21 Top Ten hits in the United States and sold more than 70 million albums internationally, generating $1.2 billion in sales. Committed to controlling her career, Madonna helped found Maverick Records, a label under the Warner Music Group, in April of 1992. She also continued to gain attention by pushing social boundaries. First came the documentary Truth or Dare (1991), a revealing documentary aboutShow MoreRelated Women In Films: User Or Victim? Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthat a woman can be anybody she desires to be, the legendary film, Evita, is now shown to millions of movie viewers. Alan Parker=s Evita is a reflection of the much-publicized images of two popular self-made heroines of different era, Evita and Madonna. The discussion of this essay will show us how these ladies got far and revered once by their followers. The life of Evita Peron is almost like a dramatization of a romantic fiction, about the tale of a young and poor illegitimate girl, who escapesRead MoreA Day At The Crocker Art Museum938 Words   |  4 Pagesacquired by the Crocker family during a grand tour of Europe in the 1800 . 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However, the role of Cinderella in this fantasy is in question. Is she a worthless victim waiting to be rescued by a handsome hero? Or is she an abused heroine who overcomes her obstacles by taking the situation into her own hands? Madonna Kolbenschlag, a feminist critic, and Bruno Bettelheim, a Freudian psychologist and educator, answer these questions differently. In â€Å"A Feminist’s View of ‘Cinderella,† Kolbenschlag argues that Cinderella, in her degraded state, assumes the roles ofRead MoreEssay about Moulin Rouge vs. the Great Gatsby621 Words   |  3 Pagesmodern music to better capture the attention of younger audiences. Since Moulin Rouge was a musical, Luhrmann decided to intertwine recent hit s for the singing scenes. Although the film takes place in 1899, He included songs from music legends such as Elton John, Madonna, and The Beatles. In The Great Gatsby, Luhrmann chose to allow a music entrepreneur, Jay-Z, to take control of the music to be played. Jay-Z used self-produced music, and music of modern super stars that he knew the crowd would fallRead MoreMichelangelo Of Michelangelo Di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni1613 Words   |  7 Pagesgroundwork for Michelangelo’s style, muscular precision. Surprisingly, at the very young age of 16 Michelangelo sculpted the Battle of the Centaurs and Madonna of the Stairs Both creations, very impressive for a 16 year old, because of the detail of the multiple men in the Battle of the Centaurs and the detail in the cloth that Madonna is wearing in Madonna of the Stairs (Biography.com Editors). Just eight years after the Battle of Centaurs Michelangelo created the Pieta, one of his many acclaimedRead MoreMadonn An American Icon2518 Words   |  11 Pagesincomparable dance routines. She is an icon. She is Madonna. History has never seen a cultural figure with as much controversy or flair for the dramatic as Madonna, nor will history ever see such a figure. 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Madonna is the quintessential example of an American

Vital Pieces of Rhetorical Advertisment Essay Topics

Vital Pieces of Rhetorical Advertisment Essay Topics Get the Scoop on Rhetorical Advertisment Essay Topics Before You're Too Late There are several methods in which you'll be able to write a rhetorical paper. The job may have seemed to disappear, Erickson has suggested, only because it wasn't taught for a long time. After stating the quote you decide on, you'll need to analyze it, in-depth. You should go into reasons why you're apposed to it, which might involve just a little research. What Is So Fascinating About Rhetorical Advertisment Essay Topics? For this reason, you should just have to document and cite the original text as the key source referenced in your work. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. You should earn a preliminary background research on this issue or matter you're going to write upon so you are in charge of things. A text's purpose differs from its principal message. You don't have to def ine rhetorical analysis or rhetoric for your readers but you can consist of details about the context of the commercial that you're analyzing. The reader needs to be inclined to keep on reading in order to discover different approaches and statements to clarify in your rhetorical analysis essay. You've got to reveal the end result of the author's speech and its impact. You have to demonstrate the outcome of the author's speech and effect. There are essentially two different sorts of rhetorical essays. It can also be implemented through the use of carefully selected words. Consider diction if there's text. Your readers might or might not be acquainted with the multimodal text you're writing about. If you select a speech or a sermon given by a prominent leader (there are a lot of such speeches, and they're simple to be found) you can conserve a great deal of time and make sure your analysis will result in the desired effect. In doing this you might have to to take advantage of some special kinds of expressions in your essay so you have the ability to persuade and influence your intended audience. The Unseen major character appears to be tormented. Examples of rhetorical techniques utilised in this kind of advert may incorporate a didactic tone that offers the inventor of the industrial credibility. There are only a few beer advertisements which do not include women inside them. Consequently, advertising has great effect on various people. In an exact same way that you will only have to establish whether the thing you're speaking about is serving the goal. For example, you can determine the point of a whiskey commercial as, to acquire young people into drinking whiskey. Writing a rhetorical essay isn't that difficult when you have understood what it is about. Children play passive function in the learning procedure, and they're good at imitating. It is likewise very beneficial to pick a notable bit of writing which doesn't need to be introdu ced to the audience. You can also check at the history of similar adverts, if any exist, along with new tactics or media which were pioneered. In today's world, advertisement is everywhere. Today, advertisements are available everywhere in our day-to-day life. Read the subsequent sample essay on advertising methods and learn why. The conclusion of a superior rhetorical analysis essay restates the major argument in a succinct method. It's still true that you have to read some helpful information on how best to compose a rhetorical analysis essay. Your analysis essay ought to be easy and challenging at same moment. Well, a rhetorical analysis essay is quite much like that with just a little exception, naturally. Key Pieces of Rhetorical Advertisment Essay Topics It's also feasible to bring a recommendation on how best to make a more powerful argument on a paper's topic. Take a good look at the essay to see whether there are any grammar and spelling inconsistencies or, sim ple typos in that issue. The issue is, once we write, we frequently switch tenses. You are unable to decide on a narrative topic or only a random self reflection. You'll have to back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and data also. Simply take a look, and see whether you could work with one of these topics yourself! Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Key Pieces of Rhetorical Advertisment Essay Topics The success of an advertisement is dependent upon the choice of an endorser. The efficacy of the advertisement is extraordinarily dependent on the customers focus. Secondly, excellent advertisements are always able to stimulate consumer's purchase desire. Advertising is quite a common way of getting customers to understand your brand, message and product.

Supply Chain Management and E-Procurement †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management and E-Procurement. Answer: Introduction: The report discusses elaborately about Wamarts Supply chain in the context of how they work with the suppliers, address issues, level of information shares, centralized distribution and the complexity in the technology. There is a section 2 in the report that deals with supply chain of Amazon that helps one to understand how they undertake operation in the online space, how they differ from the bricks and mortar perspective, how they are different from an online purchasing perspective. The report has a section 3 that deals with the summary of both the supply chain. There is also discussion on the logistics of third and fourth party logistics and its impact on the online and traditional supply chain. Walmart is the most powerful and largest retailer that started with the aim of providing customers with goods irrespective of the time and place. Therefore, the company mainly focused on the development of cost structures that ensured it to offer minimum pricing on a daily basis. Further, to accomplish this company also concentrated on the development of an advanced and highly structured strategy for supply chain management. The incorporation of an effective supply chain not only helped the company in enhancing its competitive advantage but a position in the market leadership (Barney, 2012). Walmart believes in sourcing strategically so that products are available at the best possible price from suppliers thus ensuring their demands remain fulfilled. The company also builds up strategic partnership with the vendors thereby assuring them the potential for high volume and long-term purchases in return of minimum prices (Christopher, 2016). The company also streamlined the strategies for supply chain management for improving communication and relationship networks with the suppliers for improving flow of material and lower inventory stock. The retailing giant Walmart also follows cross docking as an inventory tactic. Cross docking is a practice of logistics that remains the core to Walmarts strategy for efficiently replenishing its inventory (Zhang, 2012). This tactic enables the company in direct transferring of products from outbound or inbound truck without maintaining extra storage. In other words, the company ensures that loading and unloading of items done without any storage in between. The process of cross docking not only lowers inventory and transportation cost but also reduce transportation time thereby eliminating inefficiencies. Walmart , the world biggest retailer chain has been a leader in embracing technology and using it in a manner that it is able to track the companys inventory stock and thereby enabling in restocking the shelves thereby resulting in cost cut(Gordon, 2014). Therefore, technology plays a key role in laying the foundation of companys supply chain. The company boost of having the largest infrastructure for information technology compared to any private holding company. The network design and state of the art technology that enables Walmart to predict and track inventory levels, forecast demand with accuracy, ensure efficiency in transportation routes, servicing response logistics and management of effective customer relationships(Davenport, Dalle Lucker, 2014). Amazon believes in merging its competitive strategy with the strategic fit of the supply chain management in becoming the preferred choice of its customers. The company ensures that a combination of multi-tier inventory management, information technology, and superlative transportation along with wide warehouse network will work together in order to help align the supply chain management with the competitive strategy(Barney, 2012). Amazon also undertakes the aspect of outsourcing the companys inventory. This implies that the company believes in outsourcing the distribution and storage of products not meant for frequent purchases or for immediate delivery. Amazon also does this for products where expenses for storing them exceed marginal returns on the sales. Amazon puts up a stock of the items frequently purchased or ordered as an inventory in its own warehouses. This strategy is undertaken so that the company is able to respond to the customers on an immediate basis. The segregation of the inventories is thus enabling Amazon to become a pro as far as customer responsiveness is concerned but also cut down their expenses (Li et al., 2012). Therefore, Amazon not only follows a price differentiation strategy and but also believes in segregation of its customers. However, the various forms of delivery undertaken by the company are free delivery of the super saver type, delivery of first class, delivery of one day and delivery for prime customers (Pandit Poojari, 2014). Amazon makes an offering to the customer to pay more if they want fast delivery otherwise; they maintain their normal pace of delivery. Outsourcing of inventory and segmentation of the customers into price differentiation makes the company more agile and nimble in markets that undergo changes with demand fluctuations. Therefore, the key feature of Amazons Supply Chain Management is it has evolved in with the growth in the market. Initially Amazon was a bookstore that acted as intermediary between the sellers and buyers and thus did not have a stock of its own. This allowed the company to hold certain items in its warehouses. Thus, Amazon believes in a strategy of push pull where inventory belongs to the push strategy and the shipment of orders represented the pull strategy. Thus, Amazon believes in following a pure pull strategy for the items that it does not hold a stock (Peppard Ward, 2016). The discussion on supply chain management of Amazon remains incomplete without mentioning an analysis on the inventory system that is multi tier. The first tier represents an aggregation of the distribution centers that ensures Amazon holds lesser inventories and ensures dynamic response to the demands. The second tier deals with distribution centers of wholesalers and collaborates so that the company can rely on them just in case a product is unavailable in Amazon stock of supply. Further, the company also makes use of real time information technologies for leveraging the efficiencies of distribution. The third tier of Amazon deals with third party publishers, vendors, sellers and manufacturers who makes sure that the company acts an intermediary in fulfilling the customer demand. Summary of the two Supply Chains Though online selling has been a growing phenomenon in the retail chain, the brick and mortar stores are not something to do away with as they do well in certain sectors of the economy. However, there are innumerable differences between customer experiences in online selling where they have intangible product interaction compared to products sold in stores where customers can handle merchandise personally (Dinner et al., 2014). One can look at how the two procedures lead to different customer experience. Consumers remain more confident about purchasing a product online as they have scope for research. The process not only saves times but also energy. However, if there is any confusion regarding the product they cannot instantly clear their doubts, as they would do it in a store. Retail customers analyze and gather information regarding the product visually. However, there are some products that customer needs to feel, hear, smell or taste before taking a decision. Online sites are somewhat similar to brick and mortar stores in allowing customers to take a decision based on identification. Thus, when purchase requires touch, hearing, smell or taste then stores have an advantage. Online retailers have inventory costs that are lower so they can offer products at considerable low prices. Stores maintain physical inventory, and so they cannot lower prices beyond a certain limit The online customer only see images of products and have to wait for sometime before possessing it. Compared to this the customer satisfaction in store is greater as the customer get have an immediate possession. Stores charges local and state sales taxes for their products while for online operations only sales tax is levied whenever they have physical presence in specified jurisdiction Explanation of 3rd party and 4th party logistics A companys logistics outsourcing has become a certain important aspect, which can affect the final product sell. A 3rd party supply chain management is an act of outsourcing the company products logistics and distribution whereas the 4th party logistics operation is dependent upon the integrator and accumulators add resources (Presutti, 2012). This service differs in various terms of logistics management. Warehousing, integrating operations, ensuring services for transportation, cross docking through shipping, management of inventory management, freight forwarding and packaging are the some of the major tasks for an outsourcing logistics companies. There are certain types of services that the 3PL gives to global companies (Williams, Esper Ozment, 2014). Standard which are involve in basic activities, like pick and pack, small warehousing and distribution through channels (Cooper Ellram, 2015) Service developer these companies gives a valued-added service to the products or services they distribute among their facilities. Customer adaptor these companies customises their service to different the developers. The complete logistics firm take over the certain companies and provide the necessary service(Cooper Ellram, 2015). Customer developer these companies integrates all the service and their operation is dependent on the whole logistics operation needed to be fulfilled (Presutti, 2012).. A 4PL companys operation is based on the procurement, storage, distribution and process. It generally takes over selling and marketing processes of a company(Williams, Esper Ozment, 2014). A 4PL is an integrator an accumulator of the company and mostly run on logistics. Third party and fourth party logistics operate on same ways but with different parts. The online and standard supply chain is based the method of inbound and outbound logistics freight of a company. Often 4 PL are known as the joint-venture parties that does not affect the main operation of the parent company. In addition, the company also provides client administration in some regions. The global logistics companies 3 or 4 PL are different in structure (Disney, Naim Potter, 2014). Impact of Traditional and Online Supply-chain After the emergence of ecommerce companies, the traditional generation of logistics have grown more and have evolved their primary process. Tracking systems that are manually operated, order processing systems that are paper oriented, and communication links that are wired were the initial tools for management available to managers of logistics but it has changed drastically. The organised retailer is suffering more in terms of facing competition from the ecommerce companies(Power, 2012). Wal-mart the global retail giant has also expanded its visibility in the online market. However, it cannot reach the efficiency level of Amazon supply chain (Presutti, 2012). Though the supply-chain model of amazon is mostly through procurement facility, the maintenance of this facility is and centralised among the core operation. In conventional retail companies the facilities where depend upon the bulk movement of goods and it did not affect the balance sheet of the organisation (Lancioni, Schau Smith, 2012). However, the Amazon business model consists of supplier and client channel relationship mostly. One of the key activities of Amazon is to source or outsource material or service from a third party supplier. Retail used to dominate their supplier if the market was more influenced by the retailer (Disney, Naim Potter, 2014). Nevertheless, the presence of Amazon has helped lifting the relationship in logistics business. In order to maintain the consumer confidence the online ecommerce companies they depends on the companies that channelize their distribution(Presutti, 2012).. There are some benefits and drawbacks of using a e-retailing model. The economic value addition of a product is a beneficial aspect of e-procurement. The supply chain process also affects the operational performance of a company. Augmented e-commerce volumes sale and omni-channel action plans are putting extraordinary demands on the supply chain management (Power, 2012). The quickly changing demands that the consumers presents takes whole innovative set of challenge to retailers and e-tailors(Lancioni, Schau Smith, 2012). Conclusion: The report concludes by giving an overview about Wamarts Supply chain in the first section. The second section in the report deals with supply chain of Amazon. The report has section 3 deals with summary of both supply chain. Therefore, from the knowledge of 3PL and 4PL it can be concluded that it may differ in terms but the operations are more or less same. There is only a structural difference in the two logistics variation. In addition, the two different models of logistics of Wal-Mart and Amazon, which are traditional supply chain and other based on e-procurement model of ecommerce, are of different composition. References Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory. Journal of supply chain management, 48(2), 3-6. Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Cooper, M. C., Ellram, L. M. (2015). Characteristics of supply chain management and the implications for purchasing and logistics strategy.The international journal of logistics management,4(2), 13-24. Davenport, T. H., Dalle Mule, L., Lucker, J. (2014). Know what your customers want before they do. Dinner, I. M., Van Heerde, H. J., Neslin, S. A. (2014). Driving online and offline sales: The cross-channel effects of traditional, online display, and paid search advertising. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(5), 527-545. Disney, S. M., Naim, M. M., Potter, A. (2014). Assessing the impact of e-business on supply chain dynamics.International Journal of production economics,89(2), 109-118. Gordon, P. (2014). The Two Walmarts. In Corporate social responsibility in the global business world (pp. 207-217). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Lancioni, R., Schau, H. J., Smith, M. F. (2012). Internet impacts on supply chain management.Industrial Marketing Management,32(3), 173-175. Li, V. C., Wan, Y. W., Lin, Y. Dynamic Programming-based Heuristics for Markdown Pricing and Inventory Allocation of a Seasonal Product in a Retail Chain. Pandit, D. D. V., Poojari, A. (2014). A study on amazon prime air for feasibility and profitability--a graphical data analysis. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 06-11. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Power, D. (2012). Supply chain management integration and implementation: a literature review.Supply chain management: an International journal,10(4), 252-263. Presutti, W. D. (2012). Supply management and e-procurement: creating value added in the supply chain.Industrial marketing management,32(3), 219-226. Williams, L. R., Esper, T. L., Ozment, J. (2014). The electronic supply chain: Its impact on the current and future structure of strategic alliances, partnerships and logistics leadership.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,32(8), 703-719. Zhang, J. (2012). Analysis of fill rate in general periodic review two-stage inventory systems. International Journal of Operational Research, 14(4), 505-512.

Whose life is it anyway is not just a play about a man who has lost the will to live Essay Example

Whose life is it anyway is not just a play about a man who has lost the will to live Essay In the play Whose life is it anyway? the man who has lost the will to live is most prominently someone suffering from some form of hindrance. The author Brian Clark puts forward an indefinite idea of uncertainty for the mans future. Throughout the play it continues to make us contemplate on the issues of quality of life, personal choice, authority and relationships. It is for these reasons that the play is more than simply the idea of a mans will of life.A man who had a substantial quality to perform what he lives for would have the urge to live on. However, if he deteriorated to a quadriplegic like Ken (the main character in the play) yet before, experienced a life with all the passion, freedom, love and creation he wanted then what would the effect have on him? After Ken realises he has no chance to survive without dependency on hospitals for the rest of his life he chooses to be discharged. I will spend most of life in hospital not able to move. As far as I can see, that is a act of deliberate cruelty.I dont wish to die, nor do I wish to live at any price. Of course I want to live but as far as I am concerned, Im dead already. I merely require the doctors to recognize the fact. I cannot accept this condition constitutes life in any real sense at all.Personal choice is valuable to everyone. Those who have it should cherish it as it keeps us intact in what we want. Yet, Kens choice of life is hindered when Dr. Emerson deliberately injects a Valium needle into him when he knew Ken refused it initially. Doctor, I didnt give you permission to stick that needle in me. Why did you do it? The choice to die structures a belief that you are incapable, depressed, and fearful etc. Mr. Hill (Kens solicitor) explains to Ken after his request in being discharged what is occurring. Mr. Harrison, I will be perfectly plain. Dr. Emerson claims that you are not in a sufficiently healthy mental state to make a rational decision Despite this outlook Mr. Hill decides to help grant Kens wishes to die as he believes Ken mentally stable by talking to him. Mr. Hill is not forced to and deep down he does not enjoy the idea to justify his client to die. Can anyone prove that they are sane? Both these examples show that personal choice is very important as it can be taken away or used for good pretenses.Authority over others becomes a dilemma when we are actually questioning the law of control over human lives. Whether it is crossing boundaries of mankind to decide what is the justification of another mans life. Resulting in not serving the truthful purpose it once was as a basis of keeping humans rectified. resides in the fact that choice is removed from the man concerned. This statement meaning Kens request of euthanasia was contradicted and he has limited power over those around him.Examining the hierarchy of society, the control over others in a pyramidal imaginative diagram is situated where positions decide the fate of others. For example a judge measures the truthfulness from deceiving lips of mankind and how innocent one really is where as citizens rely on the doctors profession to rescue their lives.A doctor cannot accept the choice for death; hes committed to life. When a patient is brought into my unit, hes in a bad way. I dont stand about thinking whether or not its worth saving his life, I havent time for doubts. I get in there and do whatever I can to save life.Relationships in this play revolve in a web of interchanging roles. Professionalism becomes personal, as people believe that a medical or psychological opinion is usually better than what an unstable individual feels. He may be unqualified but he is the one affected. Dr. Scott argues with Dr. Emerson Kens case. Although other medical professionals working around him for a long time become aware of their feelings for a man wanting to die is stronger than imagined. When Ken goes to court, Sister Anderson who had been seeing Ken for the last couple of months and attending hi m showed concern for him. I thought this morning, when he was talking about the compensation, he was beginning to plan for the future. Therefore, this proves the play does not only include the man who has lost the will to live but others play an important part in the play to contribute emotion and feedback.Evidently, Whose life is it anyway is not just a play explaining a man who has lost the will to live. This is due to the main themes of quality of life, personal choice, authority and relationships, which adds to the complex nature of the play. Ken repeatedly emphasizes the point that It is not undignified if the man wants to stay alive, but I must restate that the dignity starts with his choice. He chooses a dignified death. After all these conflicts for someone to finally emerge to resulting in death it is still an extensive revelation given the chance to continue life.

thebes essays

thebes essays n THE CITIZENS OF THEBES HAVE GATHERED IN PRAYER. n ODEIPUS HAS COME PERSONALLY TO HEAR THE CITIZENS ALTHOUGH HES FAMOUS. n OEDIPUS ASKS THE ELDEST PERSON TO SPEAK ON BEHALF OF THE PEOPLE.THE ELDER IS A PRIEST. n EVERYONE IS CONSERNED BECAUSE OF THE PLAGUE EFFECTING THEBES. n OEDIPUS HAS SAVED THE CITY FROM THE SPHINX AND THE ELDER ASKS FOR HIS HELP AGAIN. n OEDIPUS SHARES THEIR PAIN AND IS ALREADY AWARE OF THE SITUATION. n OEDIPUS HAS SENT CREON TO THE ORACLE TO FIND OUT HOW TO PROCEEDE. n CREON HAS IMPORTANT INFORMATION BUT SAYS THAT THEY SHOULD SPEAK IN PRIVATE. n OEDIPUS SAYS THAT SINCE THE INFORMATION EFFECTS EVERYONE THAT IT CAN BE SAID IN FRONT OF EVERYONE. n CREON SAYS THAT GOD WANTS THEM TO GET RID OF AN EVIL PRESCENCE IN THEBES. n OEDIPUSWNATS TO KNOW WHAT THE EVIL IS. n CREON SAYS THAT ITS A MURDER AND THEY SHOULD KILL OR EXILE HIM. n CREON SAYS THE FORMER KING LAIOS WAS MURDERD BY HIGHWAYMEN. Oedipus needs to exile or kill the murderer of Laios. It is believed that this in turn will rid Thebes of the plague. Oedipus states that if anyone in Thebes has any information regarding the murder to come forward, even if they fear the consquiences of not comming forward sooner , because nothing bad will happen to them. Oedipus goes on to say that if it is found out that this person did know and said nothing then nobody is to ever again speak to this person or allow them in to their home. He also puts a curse on them for ever. ...

The Components of an Intriguing Biography

The Components of an Intriguing Biography A biography is a story of a persons life, written by another author. The writer of a biography is called a biographer while the person written about is known as the subject or biographee. Biographies usually take the form of a narrative, proceeding chronologically through the stages of a persons life. American author  Cynthia Ozick notes in her essay Justice (Again) to Edith Wharton that a good biography is like a novel, wherein it believes in the idea of a life as a triumphal or tragic story with a shape, a story that begins at birth, moves on to a middle part, and ends with the death of the protagonist. A biographical essay is a comparatively short work of nonfiction  about certain aspects of a persons life. By necessity, this  sort of essay  is much  more selective than a full-length biography, usually focusing only on key experiences and events in the subjects  life. Between History and Fiction Perhaps because of this novel-like form, biographies fit squarely between written history and fiction, wherein the author often uses personal flairs and must invent details filling in the gaps of the story of a persons life that cant be gleaned from first-hand or available documentation like home movies, photographs, and written accounts. Some critics of the form argue it does a disservice to both history and fiction, going so far as to call them unwanted offspring, which has brought a great embarrassment to them both, as Michael Holroyd puts it in his book Works on Paper: The Craft of Biography and Autobiography. Nabokov even called biographers psycho-plagiarists, meaning that they steal the psychology of a person and transcribe it to the written form. Biographies are distinct from creative non-fiction such as memoir in that biographies are specifically about one persons full life story from birth to death while creative non-fiction is allowed to focus on a variety of subjects, or in the case of memoirs certain aspects of an individuals life. Writing a Biography For writers who want to pen another persons life story, there are a few ways to spot potential weaknesses, starting with making sure proper and ample research has been conducted   pulling resources such as newspaper clippings, other academic publications, and recovered documents and found footage.    First and foremost, it is the duty of biographers to avoid misrepresenting the subject as well as acknowledging the research sources they used. Writers should, therefore, avoid presenting a personal bias for or against the subject as being objective is key to conveying the persons life story in full detail. Perhaps because of this, John F. Parker observes in his essay Writing: Process to Product that some people find writing a biographical essay easier than writing an  autobiographical  essay. Often it takes less effort to write about others than to reveal ourselves. In other words, in order to tell the full story, even the bad decisions and scandals have to make the page in order to truly be authentic.

Whole Body Scanner Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Whole Body Scanner - Term Paper Example This paper looks to discuss these new machines and their impact and repercussions. Whole Body Scanner Airplane passenger screening had not changed for a long time but the events that occurred on 11th of September 2001 caused a drastic change in the airplane security planning. In the past screening were more focused on passengers entering the lounges and so on with detectors specified to detect metallic objects and x-ray machines used to scan the items for carry-on purposes (Elias, 2010). After the terrorist attacks taking place from time to time and after the recent attack in the Russian airport there has been a growing need to improve security. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) under the U.S Department of Homeland Security has had to face a number of barriers in order to make their screening process more effective. Airport traffic has been on the increase for a long time and screening processes make it cumbersome for the passengers. There also needs to be a balance be tween the needs of the passengers and the security. Scares continue to take place even now as with the happening on 25th December 2009 when a Nigerian man attempted to ignite an explosive device while on board a plane heading to Detroit (O’Connor & Schmitt, 2009). Airports across the world are looking towards new technology to help security staff catch suspicious people and detect object deemed illegal on flights now. The problems that arise out of these technological advancements in airports are many such as privacy concerns, health concerns and subjection of minors to the scanning. On the other hand such technology can prove helpful in foiling terrorist plans, so there needs to be a weighing of the harms and benefits. Imaging technology has been bought and installed in the various airports all across the United States. According to the TSA there are two types of imaging technology that is being used, the millimeter wave and the backscatter x-ray. As of now, according to the TSA, there are 486 of these imaging devices that are being used across 78 airports in the United States (Transportation Security Administration). The millimeter wave scanner is used to scan the whole body and is used in the detection of objects that may be concealed in or under a person’s clothing. The millimeter scanner is cylindrical in shape with panels which contain scanners in them that rotate around the individual and produces an image of the individual. The scanner emits radio waves that pass through an individuals clothing’s and then returns an image of what is beneath the clothes. The scanner comes back with a picture of the human body which is generally what the security personnel hope to see, however, if other items are seem on the scanner then this may well be a reason for unease. The scanner does not take up too much time to do its job. The millimeter scanner produces a 3D image of the person being scanned that can be rotated and zoomed if the need be. Th e other scanner in use is the backscatter scanner which is what passengers in the United States will see more often. This scanner consists of two boxes opposite to each other with enough space for a person to stand in between them. These boxes take x-rays of the person in a time of about twenty seconds. The electromagnetic waves that are being emitted by the boxes are absorbed by the body but if there are any foreign bodies present on the person then these will show on the scans. There are some concerns that the waves being emitted are a form of radiation and may be dangerous for a person. This scanner takes a 2D image of the scanned person (Cynthia, 2010). The use of

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Tesco initially had a localized approach as they could perceive benefits in expanding in and around London. However, their policy since the beginning had been â€Å"Pile it high and sell it cheap† (ICMR, 2005) which adversely impacted their brand image. When Britain imposed the Retail Price Maintenance Act which prevented the retailers from selling goods below a minimum price, Tesco introduced trading stamps which were given to the customers which could be traded for cash or gifts. This was abolished in 1964 and then Tesco could offer competitive prices. Cost-leadership strategy In the early 1990s, the market condition being bad, Tesco faced difficulties such as low population growth, low food price inflation, matured and saturated supermarket sector in the UK, and strong competition from retailers such as Sainsbury, ASDA, and Safeway (Coriolis, 2004). The company’s profit margins were under pressure and it remained in 2nd position with Sainsbury leading in market share (ICMR, 2005). In saturated markets competitive rivalry increases and the profits diminish as the costs are high. This was when the British economy was hit by recession and Tesco was in trouble although competitors such as Sainsbury and Marks & Spencer’s announced record earnings. This was the period when Tesco changed its strategy and focused on increasing its market share by selling goods at prices much lower than its competitors. Their strategy was to grow bigger by increasing sales volume through lower prices: Source: Coriolis (2004). Tesco went in for a major image overhaul and closed down many of its stores and replaced many with bright and attractive stores (ICMR, 2005). They were focusing on the cost-leadership strategy. In fact, Tesco was the first to introduce the cut-price strategy which led to price war (Yoruk & Radosevic, 2000). According to Porter (1996) strategy rests on unique activities and to be sustainable the strategic position requires trade-off. They did acquire cost-leadership and became the leading retailer in the UK but cost-leadership comes with disadvantages (Porter, 1979). Very low cost can take loyal customers away and lead to a decrease in revenue which is exactly what Tesco suffered with. They also earned a bad reputation in the process, which is when they decided to diversify. Strategy can be formulated at three different levels – corporate level, business unit level and the

Phstat Essay Example for Free

Phstat Essay For Excel 2000 through Excel 2003, Microsoft Office macro security level set to Medium (see Topic 3a â€Å"Configuring Excel 2000-2003 Security for PHStat2†). For Excel 2007, Trust Center Macro Settings set to Disable all macros with notification (recommended) or Enable all macros. See section 3a or 3b for more details. (There are no security settings in Excel 97 or the original, unpatched version of Excel 2000. ) Internet access (for downloading updates to Microsoft Excel, from www. microsoft. com, and PHStat2, from www. prenhall. com/phstat, as they become available), optional but recommended. Requirements for running the PHStat2 setup program: CD or DVD drive. Approximately 10 MB hard disk free space while running the setup program and 3 MB hard disk space after program setup. On some older systems, the Windows system files that may get replaced or added during the setup process will require up to 6 MB additional hard disk space. Windows user account with administrator or software-installing privileges (does not apply to Windows 98Se or ME). Student or faculty accounts used to login onto networked computers in academic settings typically do not have this privilege. F Test for Differences in Two Variances: Two-tailed test formula to determine whether to reject null hypothesis corrected. Z Test for Differences in Two Means: Upper-tail test formula to determine whether to reject null hypothesis corrected. Minor reformatting in selected worksheet and dialog box labels. Enhanced statistical procedures in version 2. 5: Chi-Square Test includes Marascuilo Procedure output option. Histogram Polygons Frequency distributions include percentage and cumulative percentage columns. Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test Worksheet redesigned to accommodate larger number of groups.

The Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar Essay -- Julius Caesar Essays

The Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brutus was a very important character in the play Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare. He helped plan a plot against one of the most powerful people in Rome and killed the king to be. Brutus was well renowned for his deep thinking, his honor, and most importantly, his belief in stoicism.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brutus's stoic qualities played a major role in his character. He trusted his wife Portia very much. In fact, he trusted her so much that he was even going to tell her about the plot against Caesar.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "You are my true and honorable wife,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As dear to me as are the ruddy drops   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That visit my sad heart"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( II, i, 289-290)    She cared very much for him. She was willing to slice her thigh open just to prove her loyalty and trustworthiness to her noble husband. He also cared very deeply about his wife and he loved her very dearly.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "O ye gods,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   render me worthy of this noble wife!"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( II, i, 303-304)    Because of his profound stoicism, Brutus did not seem to show his graditude much when Portia killed her self. He simply drank wine to get ride of the pain and told Cassius to never speak of his wife again.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Lucius a bowl of wine!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I did not think you could have been so angry,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O Cassius, I am sick of many griefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of your philosophy you make no use   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you give place to accidental evils.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No man bears sorrow better. Portia is dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ha! Portia!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She is dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How 'scaped I killing whe... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( I, ii, 79-90)    Brutus had thought very deeply about joining the conspiracy. He had stayed up all night brooding about it. He feared that Caesar was gaining too much power and that soon Caesar would become king. If Caesar became king Brutus's dreams of Rome's Democracy would be shattered.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion Brutus was a very well respected man in Rome. He helped restore Rome to its original Democratic system. He ended up killing himself at the end of the play because of all the pressure. He had said at the end when he killed himself that      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "....Caesar, now be still.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I killed not thee with half so good a will."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( V, v, 50-51)    Work Cited: Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1984.   

Ballot or the Bullet

People would come from all over the country to Harlem, New York in the year 1964 to listen to Malcolm Little, better known as Malcolm X, give his speeches about having more civil rights for the black community. He claimed that they should try to spend money inside of their community to help it prosper and prevent it from becoming a slum or a ghetto. He compared their situation many times to when America was first starting and how they had to fight for their freedom from Britain.Malcolm X talked about Patrick Henry and how he said, â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death† and was saying that they need to stand up for what they want. He said that there can not be a revolution with blood shed but America is in a position right now where they can be involved in a â€Å"Bloodless revolution. † One thing that he repeated throughout his speech was that it would be the â€Å"ballot or the bullet† (Malcolm X). This meant that they would either get what they asked for or th ey would have to fight for it.In Malcolm X’s speech he addressed different rhetorical strategies to convey his message to the people of Harlem. One way the speaker attempted to sway his audience to feel the way that he did was by telling the people that he was educated about how the white people felt when they were suppressed by Britain. The white people of the time were being taxed without representation. He learned who Patrick Henry was and how he would rise up and say â€Å"Liberty or death† which is the equivalent to what Malcolm X’s slogan was, ballot or the bullet.He said that, the statement â€Å"Liberty or death† brought freedom to the white people in this country and that if they could do it, so could he and his supporters. He also talked about how he knew the new generations of black people in this country didn’t care how far the odds were against them; they wanted to fight for their rights to be equals to the white people of America. The y would ignore the odds altogether until they had succeeded in what they have come to do.Later, Malcolm uses emotion to get his message across to his audience when he talks about how America right now could be the only place to have ever had a bloodless revolution by simply succumbing to what the black population wanted and give them their civil rights. He said that usually you aren’t in a position where you love your enemy but here is a time where they love America but just would like to be treated as equals along with the rest of the population.Malcolm also said that Uncle Sam was the one that created this problem in the first place and going to his court expecting him to fix the problem would do absolutely nothing because he is the criminal and he is the one that needs to be fixed. A little bit later he talks about how Afro-American churches are being bombed, little girls getting murdered, and leaders of the black population getting shot in broad daylight. He asks why this isn’t being brought to the UN when these sorts of things that happen in other countries go directly to the UN. Then Malcolm says that it is their turn to take their case to the UN.He says that there he will have the support of all different ethnicities, including the 800 million Chinese people out there. Malcolm also talks about how Uncle Sam is able to stand up and represent himself as the leader of the free world when he is violating the human rights of over 22 million Afro-Americans. Malcolm used different methods to try to get his feelings across to his audience but they all were directed towards the same purpose; to try to get the civil rights of the black population in America at the time. This worked to a degree, it got people all riled up to fight for their civil rights.He first talked about how when America was first starting they didn’t like it when their civil rights were suppressed and that the Afro-Americans feel the same way they want their rights. Then Malcolm talks about how this revolution doesn’t have to include any death as long as America listens to the black communities requests. He purposes that it is time to go to the UN and have them help sort this out with the help of other countries. He sums up his whole speech in four words and those words are â€Å"ballot or the bullet† they will get what they want or they will fight for it.

Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock and Candida Antarctica

Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: using Waste Cooking Oil as feedstock and Candida Antarctica Lipase B as Biocatalyst. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTON The high cost of bio-diesel, compared to petroleum-based diesel, is a major barrier to its commercialization. It has been reported that 60-90% of bio-diesel cost arises from the cost of the feedstock oil (C. C. Lai et al. , 2005). Studies showed the potential of waste-cooking oil (WCO) as a material for biodiesel production (Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, 2008).Therefore, the use of WCO should greatly reduce the cost of bio-diesel. In addition to the choice of lipase employed, factors which make the transesterification process feasible and ready for commercialization are: enzyme modification, the selection of feedstock and alcohol, use of common solvents, pretreatment of the lipase , alcohol to oil molar ratio, water activity/content and reaction temperature. Optimization of these parameters is necessary in order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production.Use of no/low cost waste materials such as the WCO will have double environmental benefits by reducing the environmental pollution potential of the wastes and producing an environmentally friendly fuel. In addition, production of bio-diesel from WCO is considered an important step in reducing and recycling waste. A fresh vegetable oil and its waste differ significantly in water and free fatty acids (FFAs) contents, which are around 2000 ppm and 10-15%, respectively (C. C. Lai et al. , 2005; Y. Zhang et al. , 2003). Because of this the traditional alkaline-catalyzed biodiesel production is unsuitable (Zhang et al. 2003). The use of the enzyme lipase as a biocatalyst for the transesterification reaction step in biodiesel production has been extensively investigated. Lipase is produced by all living organisms and can be used intracellularly or extracellularly. In order to design an economically and environmentally sustainable biodiesel production process, a prop er understanding of the factors affecting the process and their relative importance of enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production is necessary. A general equation for transesterification (where group R is a fatty acid, R’ is the ength of the acyl acceptor and R† is the rest of the triglyercide molecule) is as follows: Methanol is the most popular alcohol used in the transesterification process because of its relatively cheaper price compared to other alcohols. When methanol is used in the process, the reaction is known as methanolysis as shown in the following equation: Lipases from microorganisms (bacterial and fungal) are the most used as biocatalysts in biotechnological applications and organic chemistry. Fungal – source lipases have been found to produce high yields of lipases compare to the animal and plants.Because their bulk production is easier, commercialization of microbial lipases and their involvement in enzymatic biodiesel production are more common than animal and plant ones (Hasan et al. , 2006;Akoh et al. , 2007; Antczak et al. , 2009). The lipase to be employed as the biocatalyst is Candida Antarctica lipase B (Novozyme CABL L), one of the most common fungal lipase used for the production of biodiesel (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). Lipases are capable of converting all the triglycerides derive from the feed stocks into their respective fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs).They act on the ester bonds of carboxylic acids allowing them to carry out their primary reaction of hydrolyzing fats (Joseph et al. , 2008). Enzyme immobilization is an important approach that could be used as a tool to improve and optimize operation stability, activity and selectivity which allows the enzyme to study under harsher environmental condition and also provides their separation from the reaction mixture without filtration in case of packed bed reactor (Fernandez-Lafuente et al. , 1998; Bhushan et al. , 2009; Gao et al. 2006) and, hence, could lead to m ore favorable economical benefits. The cost of lipase makes up 90% of the total cost of enzymatic biodiesel production. A significant portion of that is associated with the use of expensive carrier or support materials (Dizge et al. , 2009a). Search for cheaper support materials has been ongoing in order to reduce the overall cost of enzymatic biodiesel production (Robles et al. , 2009). Thus it is important to immobilize lipase, to be able to recover and reuse it repeatedly ( D. S. Clark,1994;D.Cowan, 1996). Immobilization of lipase is the attachment of the enzyme onto a solid support or the confinement of the enzyme in a region of space (Jegannathan et al. , 2008). When proper strategy for the lipase immobilization technology is employed , it provides a number of important benefits including: (a)enzyme reuse, (b) easy of separation of product from enzyme and (c) the potential to run continuous processes via packed-bed reactors (Peilow and Misbah, 2001). Methods of immobilization i nclude chemical and physical means.Among these, the physical immobilization by way of entrapment is the most widely-used method, in which enzymes are entrapped within the sol-gel matrix prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation of precursors (Ko Woon Lee, et al. 2010). Tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) is a widely used precursor for sol-gel immobilization of the enzyme. However, CALB is unstable and shows low catalytic efficiency in the reaction media contains high concentration of methanol and the lipase is also inhibited by the by-product of glycerol.To overcome this, an amphiphilic matrix is developed to immobilize the lipase ((Ko Woon Lee, et al. 2010). The use of solvent in the transesterification process is also considered. Solvents are used to protect the enzyme from denaturation by alcohol by increasing alcohol solubility (Kumari et al. , 2009). The solvent can also increase the solubility of glycerol which is beneficial since the byproduct can coat the enzyme and inhibit it s performance (Royon etal. , 2007 ).The use of a common solvent for the reactants and products not only reduces enzyme inhibition but also ensures a homogeneous reaction mixture, reduces the reaction mixture viscosity and stabilizes the immobilized enzyme (Ranganathan et al. , 2008;Fjerbaek et al. , 2009). This is beneficial because homogeneous reaction mixture decreases problems associated with a multiple phase reaction mixture and a reduced viscosity reduces mass transfer problems around the enzyme (Fjerbaek et al. , 2009). The use of solvents significantly increases the reaction rate in comparison to solvent free systems (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008).Some study also showed that methanolysis conversion using Candida antarctica was increased when tert-butanol was added to the system (Royon et al. , 2007). This serve as the basis for the choice of tert-butyl to be the solvent use in the system, in order to reduce the inhibition cause of the use of a lower chain alcohol, in this case, the methanol. OBJECTIVES This study aims to produce economical source of feedstocks such as waste-cooking oil for the production of biodiesel and the use of enzyme Candida Antarctica Lipase B, to catalyze to transterification reaction.To be able to determine the yield biodiesel through Gas Chromatographic Analysis (Chrompack CP 9001, Holland). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Oil is one of the most commonly reported types of water pollution, causing nearly a quarter of all pollution incidents. Careless disposal of oil into drainage systems, onto land or to watercourses is an offense. It can harm river birds, fish and other wildlife. Because of the way oil spreads, even a small quantity can cause a lot of harm.It is estimated that UK caterers produce between 50 – 90 million litres of waste cooking oil each year. If this is not disposed of correctly the effects of oil pollution on the environment could be quite devastating. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), esti mates that over 200 million gallons of used oil ends up in the trash, and poured into the water each year. This study aims to promote conventional and economic source for the production of biodiesel by using home waste material such as waste cooking oil.Thus, resolving high cost of biodiesel production making it commercially producible and reduce devastation of environment due to high consumption of crude oils from fossil sources. This study will be a significant endeavour in promoting the social needs and to resolve the high prices of the gasoline which is the major economical crisis face in the present society. The advantages of using lipases in biodiesel production are: (a) ability to work in very different media which include biphasic systems, monophasic system (in the presence of hydrophilic or hydrophobic (Am.J. Biochem. & Biotech. , 6 (2): 54-76, 2010), (b) they are robust and versatile enzymes that can be produce in bulk because of their extracellular nature in most producin g system, (c) many lipases show considerable activity to catalyze transesterification with long or branched chain alcohols, which can hardly be converted to fatty acid esters in the presence of conventional alkaline catalysts, (d) products and byproduct separation in downstream process are xtremely easier, (e) the immobilization of lipases on a carrier has facilitated the repeated use of enzymes after removal from the reaction mixture and when the lipase is in a packed bed reactor, no separation is necessary after transesterification and (f) higher thermostability and short-chain alcohol-tolerant capabilities of lipase make it very convenient for use in biodiesel production (Bacovsky et al. , 2007; Kato et al. , 2007; Robles et al. ,2009). SCOPE AND LIMITATION Like any method for enzymatic biodiesel production, the cost of the lipase to be used is one of great consideration .The limitations of using lipases in biodiesel production include (a) initial activity may be lost because of volume of the oil molecule (Marchetti et al. , 2008; Robles et al. , 2009), (b) the use of solvent does not guarantee the complete protection of enzyme from the inhibitory effect of low chain alcohol, methanol (c) Although lipase is not affected by the high content of FFAs in WCO, the high water content remains a problem (d) the lipase in the biodiesel production is limited on a specific feedstock to be used because of the regioselectivity of the enzyme lipase.CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Biodiesel has shown its ability tomeet the energy demand of the world in the transportation, agriculture, commercial and industrial sectors of the economy (Akoh et al. , 2007; Basha et al. , 2009; Shafiee and Topal, 2009; Robles et al. , 2009). The annual world consumption of diesel is approximately 934 million tons, of which Canada and the United States consume 2. 14 and 19. 06%, respectively (Marchetti et al. , 2008).As a green renewable and potentially unlimited, biodiesel has recently come out as the superlative alternative fuel which can be used in compression ignition engines with minor or no modifications (Xu and Wu, 2003; Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008; Robles et al. , 2009; Leung et al. , 2010). The concept of biofuel is not new. Rudolph Diesel was the first to use a vegetable oil (peanut oil) in a diesel engine in 1911 (Akoh et al. , 2007; Antczak et al. ,2009). The use of biofuels in place of conventional fuels would slow the rogression of global warming by reducing sulfur and carbon oxides and hydrocarbon emissions (Fjerbaek et al. , 2009). Because of economic benefits and more power output, biodiesel is often blended with diesel fuel in ratios of 2, 5 and 20% (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). The higher the ratio of biodiesel to diesel the lower the carbon dioxide emission (Fukuda et al. , 2001; Harding et al. , 2007). Using a mixture containing 20% biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide net emissions by 15. 66% (Fukuda et al. 2001) while using pure biodiesel makes t he net emission of carbon dioxide zero (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). The simplest and most efficient route for biodiesel production in large quantities, against less ecofriendly, costly and eventual low yield methods is transesterification. One of the classic organic reactions (transesterification) is the step wise reversible reactions of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. Little excess of alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium towards the formation of esters.Transesterification using an alcohol is a sequence of three reversible consecutive steps. In the first step, triglycerides are converted to diglycerides. In thesecond step, diglycerides are converted to monoglycerides. In the third step, monoglycerides are converted to glycerin molecules (Freedman et al. , 1984; Noureddini and Zhu, 1997; Marchetti et al. , 2008). Each conversion step yields one FAAE molecule, giving a total of three FAAEs per triglyceride molecule as described by the followi ng equations (Murugesan et al. , 2009). 1. Conversion of triglycerides to diglycerides . Conversion of diglycerides to monoglycerides 3. Conversion of monoglycerides tto glycerin molecules In order for the transesterification reaction to be applicable for biodiesel production, the process must be accelerated by the use of catalyst which may be alkaline, acids or enzymes (Bacovsky et al. , 2007; Murugesan et al. ,2009; et al. , 2010). The catalyst employed directly effects the purity of the feedstock required, the reaction rate and the extent of post reaction processing needed (McNeff et al. , 2008). To speed up the reaction, heat is also applied.However, this process is very energy intensive and inefficient since FAAE yield below 350 °C is very low and temperatures above 400 °C degrade the ester bonds (Ranganathan et al. , 2008). Generally, the reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (71-72 °C) to speed up the reaction. The variables known to affect th e reaction are: temperature, alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and mixing intensity (Marchetti et al. ,2007). Transesterification catalysts: The transesterification process is catalyzed by alkalis, acids or enzymes.However, the use of alkali catalysts is 100% in commercial sector. The most common alkaline catalysts are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) METHODOLOGY * LIPASE CABL ( Novozyme CABL L) can be purchased from Novozyme (Denmark). All other chemicals can be purchased from Sigma- Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Grown in the  laboratory,  Candida  appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans  is from  Latin  meaning ‘whitish') colonies with a yeasty odor on  agar plates  at room temperature. IMMOBILIZATION OF LIPASE Sol – gel immobilization in an amphiphilic matrix was shown in figure below; mL of CABL (8. 2 mg/ml) is to be placed in a 50-ml Falcon tube with 1-mL of 0. 2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7). As a catalyst, 50 microliter of 1M sodium fluoride is to be added and the mixture is to be shaken with a vortex mixer. Then, TMOS (2 mM) and the following hydrophobic alkylsilanes (8 mM) is added; methyltrimethoxysilanes (MTMS), ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS), propyltrimethoxysilanes (PTMS), and iso-butyltrimethoxysilane (iso-BTMS). Gelation is usually observed within a few minutes while a reaction vessel is gently shaken.Following complete polymerization for 12 hours in a closed Falcon tube, the gel was dried for 24 hours in an open Falcon tube. The gel is to washed with 10 mL of distilled water, 10 mL of 99. 8% iso-propanol, and 10 mL of 95% n-hexane respectively. The immobilized CALB is to be filtered using filter paper, dried at 30 for oC for 36 hours and then ground with mortar and pestle. The particles were sorted using 500 and 300 micrometer sieves and stored at 4 oC until use. ENZYME SOLUTION Immobilized P. cepacia lipase solution is prepare by adding 0. g of lipase to 1 ml of distilled water and soak in water for 30 minutes, prior to being used. This step is found experimentally essential to activate the enzymes. WASTE-COOKING OIL PREPARATION In order to ensure consistency, waste cooking oil is simulated from the commercially available palm oil by heating 1 L of palm oil on a hot plate (Stuart, U. K. ), set at its maximum heating power for two hours. The oil is then allowed to cool to room temperature and then 5 ml of water (around 5000 ppm) is to be added. The sample is shelved for two weeks before being used.Fresh WCO samples were prepared every two weeks. Bio-Diesel Production in tert-butyl Solvent System Using C. Antarctica Lipase The experiment will be conducted in a specially designed 150 ml capacity jacketed reactor cell. The cell will be kept on a magnetic stirrer (Velp Scientifica, Italy) to facilitate the agitation of the mixture. Water from a temperature controlled water bath (Grant Instruments, UK) circulated through the jacket and will be set to maintain the temperature of the reac tion media constant at 45 oC.The temperature used was that presented in the literature to be the optimum(M. M. Soumanou,et al, 2003; H. Fukuda,et al, 2001 ) and an agitation speed was chosen to provide suitable mixing without affecting the activity of the enzyme. In this part, the working volume at the beginning of each experiment was 50 ml, consisting of 5 g of WCO, different volumes of methanol, in the range of 0. 4 to 0. 8 ml (correspond to 0. 57 to 1. 14 molar equivalents of ester bonds in the triglyceride chain), and tert-butyl solution to make up the total volume.The cell is to be covered tightly throughout the progress of the experiments to prevent evaporation. After thermal equilibrium is ensured, 1 ml of enzyme solution containing 0. 4% g of C. Antarctica lipase per g oil is added to initiate the reaction. At suitable intervals, 1. 5 ml samples are withdrawn into a capped vial, immediately immersed in boiling water for at least 5 minutes to denature the enzyme and stop the reaction, and then send for analysis. The amounts of FAMEs in the samples are to be determine by using Gas Chromatograph (Chrompack CP 9001, Holland).

The End of The Indie Gold Rush -- A guest post for Bookmachine

The End of The Indie Gold Rush A guest post for Bookmachine The End of The Indie Gold Rush? A guest post for Bookmachine I was invited to guest post for Bookmachine and decided to dig deeper in the point made by Kristine Kathryn Rush that we might be at the end of the indie gold rush, if there ever was one. Here’s to starting the year on a positive note!An ALCS survey in the UK  last summer crystallised industry concerns about whether career authorship is a viable profession these days. The report painted a somewhat grim picture for professional and part-time authors alike–regardless of whether those authors publish traditionally or independently. (For a crash-course on the industry landscape, I recommend Kristine Kathryn Rush’s exhaustive report on â€Å"things indies learned in 2014†.)The question now is, has the indie â€Å"Gold Rush† passed? Is success finite, and has it been mined to depletion?I don’t believe so.In fact, I’m convinced we’ll see many more indie success stories over the next few years–maybe even more than the ones weâ €™ve witnessed so far. The â€Å"Gold Rush† ends when there is no more gold left, or no way to get to it. That’s not the case here. The problem today is that there are too many people who want to find it, and perhaps not enough of them willing to do the hard work it takes to strike it rich.Read the whole post over at Bookmachine!

Nickel Element Facts and Properties

Nickel Element Facts and Properties Atomic Number: 28 Symbol: Ni Atomic Weight: 58.6934 Discovery: Axel Cronstedt 1751 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d8 Word Origin: German Nickel: Satan or Old Nick, also, from kupfernickel: Old Nicks copper or Devils copper Isotopes: There are 31 known isotopes of nickel ranging from Ni-48 to Ni-78. There are five stable isotopes of nickel: Ni-58, Ni-60, Ni-61, Ni-62, and Ni-64. Properties: The melting point of nickel is 1453Â °C, the boiling point is 2732Â °C, specific gravity is 8.902 (25Â °C), with a valence of 0, 1, 2, or 3. Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes a high polish. Nickel is hard, ductile, malleable, and ferromagnetic. It is a fair conductor of heat and electricity. Nickel is a member of the iron-cobalt group of metals (transition elements). Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 1 mg/M3 (8 hour time-weighted average for a 40 hour week). Some nickel compounds (nickel carbonyl, nickel sulfide) are considered to be highly toxic or carcinogenic. Uses: Nickel is used primarily for the alloys it forms. It is used for making stainless steel and many other corrosion resistant alloys. Copper-nickel alloy tubing is used in desalination plants. Nickel is used in coinage and for armor plating. When added to glass, nickel gives a green color. Nickel plating is applied to other metals to provide a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. Nickel is also used in ceramics, magnets, and batteries. Sources: Nickel is present in most meteorites. Its presence is often used to distinguish meteorites from other minerals. Iron meteorites (siderites) may contain iron alloyed with 5-20% nickel. Nickel is commercially obtained from pentlandite and pyrrhotite. Deposits of nickel ore are located in Ontario, Australian, Cuba, and Indonesia. Element Classification: Transition Metal Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.902 Melting Point (K): 1726 Boiling Point (K): 3005 Appearance: Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 124 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 6.6 Covalent Radius (pm): 115 Ionic Radius: 69 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.443 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 17.61 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 378.6 Debye Temperature (K): 375.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.91 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 736.2 Oxidation States: 3, 2, 0. The most common oxidation state is 2. Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.520 CAS Registry Number: 7440-02-0 Nickel Trivia German miners seeking copper would occasionally come across a red ore with flecks of green. Believing they had found copper ore, they would mine it and take it in for smelting. They would then find the ore produced no copper. They named the ore kupfernickel, or Devils copper since the Devil switched out the useful metal to confound the miners.In the 1750s, Swedish chemist Axel Cronstedt found kupfernickel to contain arsenic and a previously unknown element. We know now that kupfernickel is nickel arsenide (NiAs).Nickel is ferromagnetic at room temperature.Nickel is believed to be the second most abundant element in the Earths core after iron.Nickel is a component of stainless steel.Nickel has an abundance of 85 parts per million in the Earths crust.Nickel has an abundance of 5.6 x 10-4 mg per liter of seawater.Most nickel produced today finds its way into alloys with other metals.Many people are allergic to nickel metal. Nickel was named the 2008 Contact Allergen of the Year by the A merican Contact Dermatitis Society. References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Nuclear Energy and the Environment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuclear Energy and the Environment - Article Example It is worth mentioning that the government of the US, both at Federal and State levels, has formulated and implemented few regulations in order to protect the environment from the lethal consequences of nuclear energy production. The US had 104 commercial nuclear reactors located in different regions of the country, which supplies nearly 20% of its total electricity requirements. However, it cannot be denied that the radioactive emissions released during the process of nuclear energy production are indeed life-threatening, accompanied with water pollution and air pollution, often accounted for causing early aging and cancer like diseases. It other words, radioactive emissions seriously disrupt the overall balance of the ecosystem. The threat associated with the nuclear fission reaction, in terms of radioactive emissions has not been limited to the US only but has emerged as a serious problem across the globe. The recent incidents in Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plan t that occurred in March 2011, owing to the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami, have extensively raised questions regarding the environmental safety of nuclear plants. This particular occurrence in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has underscored many of the safety arguments advocated against establishing a nuclear plant. It can be number of incidents where environment and lives of human beings were under severe threat due to the nuclear disaster before the accident of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant occurred... However, it cannot be denied that the radioactive emissions released during the process of nuclear energy production are indeed life-threatening, accompanied with water pollution and air pollution, often accounted for causing early aging and cancer like diseases. It other words, radioactive emissions seriously disrupt the overall balance of eco-system2. The threat associated with the nuclear fission reaction, in terms of radioactive emissions has not been limited to the US only, but has emerged as a serious problem across the globe. The recent incidents in Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant that occurred in March 2011, owing to the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami,  have extensively raised questions regarding the environment safety of nuclear plants. This particular occurrence in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has underscored many of the safety arguments advocated against establishing a nuclear plant3. It can be number of incidents where environment and lives of human beings were under severe threat due to the nuclear disaster, before the accident of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant occurred. The US has also witnessed nuclear disaster over the last decades. Accordingly, it has been ascertained that the nuclear power plant have laid significant impacts on the nearby areas in the form of water pollution, air pollution and radioactive waste generation4. DIABLO CANYON POWER PLANT IN CALIFORNIA AND ENVIRONMENT Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) is a nuclear power plant located at Avila Beach in San Luis Obispo region of California in USA. This plant generates nuclear energy to meet the electricity demand for millions of customers. DCPP supplies nearly 9.3% of California’s